Like many people, Stan has had some problems with debt. And he's not sure what his responsibilities and rights are. Let's see if we can't help him make sense of the situation.

To begin we'll want to explore some underlying concepts. Once we understand them we'll be better able to answer Stan's question.

The first concept to explore is the debt itself. As we all know, a debt is money that you've agreed to pay someone in the future. Either to a person or a company. Chances are that they gave us money or products now in return for our promise to pay later. We probably agreed to pay interest on the money we owe. Most often we also signed a credit card or installment loan agreement which legally defined our responsibilities.

Sometimes a collection agency will buy a group of debts from the company that issued them. If our debt was among them we no longer owe money to Company A, but now we owe the collection agency. But that does not affect the amount owed, the interest rate or any penalties that apply.

Next, let's learn about a 'charge-off' or 'write-off'. The two terms refer to the same accounting procedure. At some point the lender decides that they're unable to collect a debt. They'll remove it from their accounts receivable. That effects their profitability and taxes. But it does not effect whether the debtor owes money to the company. A charged-off debt is still a valid debt. So even though our debt was charged-off, we're still obligated to repay it.

Stan mentions that he's been through a bankruptcy. He doesn't say, but we'll assume that it was Chapter 7 proceeding. This is the simplest and most commonly sought bankruptcy. People apply for bankruptcy to get a fresh financial start. They're asking the court to rule that they are unable repay what they owe and to release them from some or all of their financial obligations.

Officially a bankruptcy 'discharges' debts. What that means is that a debt included in the bankruptcy is no longer a debt. It is as if the debtor doesn't owe the money any more. He is no longer required by law to repay the debt. Further, the bankruptcy order requires that the lender take no further action to try to collect it. That would include hiring lawyers or contacting the debtor via mail or phone. Unless there is legal action involving the discharge, it happens automatically with the bankruptcy.

Not all debts are automatically included in a bankruptcy. The debtor may choose to exclude some debts from the bankruptcy petition. Perhaps debts owed to family members. Other debts are not eligible for protection, such as: taxes, alimony and child support. It should be clear at the time of the bankruptcy filing what debts are included and which are not. Debts not included in the bankruptcy are still owed, just like they were before.

Finally, we need to understand the basics of credit scoring. 35% of the score is based on 'payment history'. So when Stan was late with his payments, that reduced his score. When the account was turned over to a collection agency, that also lowered the score. And, finally, the bankruptcy and discharge would also effect his score.

Now that we understand the process, let's look at Stan's question. He's correct that the bankruptcy closed certain accounts. If the account he's asking about was included in the bankruptcy it is discharged. Stan should inform anyone attempting to collect that it has been discharged. And, that further attempts to collect it would require him to contact the court informing them of the attempt.

If Stan chooses he can voluntarily repay a discharged debt. But he's under no legal obligation. Credit reporting agencies won't reveal exactly how they compute credit scores. But, it's unlikely that repaying a discharged debt years after the fact would have much impact on his score.

The bankruptcy will appear on Stan's credit report for 10 years. At this point his best method for rebuilding his score is to show that he's used credit responsibly since the bankruptcy. It appears that he's spent the last five years doing just that. As long as the debt was included in the bankruptcy, he should be able to ignore any attempts at collection without fear of hurting his credit score.